What can teachers do to make the classroom environment more conducive to children’s learning and development?
Page 1: Early Childhood Environments
Safe, responsive, and nurturing environments are an important part of supporting the learning and development of infants, toddlers, and preschoolers. Such environments also help to prevent challenging behaviors and serve as a core component of interventions for infants and young children with identified disabilities. According to the Division for Early Childhood Recommended Practices (DEC-RP):
“Environmental practices refer to aspects of the space, materials, equipment, routines, and activities that practitioners and families can intentionally alter to support each child’s learning across developmental domains.”
Unfortunately, many practitioners are unsure how to create environments that support their children’s learning across different age groups (e.g., infants, toddlers, preschoolers) and developmental domains (e.g., social, communication, cognitive, motor). Well-designed classroom* environments:
- Support responsive caregiving
- Foster independence and feelings of competence in young children
- Encourage staff efficiency
- Promote children’s engagement
- Decrease challenging behavior
- Facilitate appropriate social interactions among children
- Provide structure and predictability
Research Shows
Changes in classroom environmental arrangement, such as rearranging furniture, implementing activity schedules, and altering ways of providing instructions around routines, have been found to increase the probability of appropriate behaviors and effectively decrease the probability of challenging behaviors.(Chandler et al., 1999; Dooley, Wilczenski, & Torem, 2001; Martens, Eckert, Bradley, & Ardoin, 1999)
The table below describes three interdependent components of early childhood environments.
| Components of Early Childhood Environments | Definition |
| Physical environment | The overall design and layout of a room, including its learning centers, materials, and furnishings |
| Social environment | The interactions that occur within the classroom between peers, teachers, and family members |
| Temporal environment | The timing, sequence, and length of routines and activities that take place throughout the day |
In order to create an environment conducive to the learning and development of infants, toddlers, and preschoolers, these three components must be carefully designed and implemented. Indeed, every aspect of a classroom environment’s design should reflect its program’s priorities and philosophy. For example, a program that concentrates on improving children’s math skills is likely to emphasize the availability of materials related to numeracy, as well as to learning shapes and patterns. Additionally, if this program’s philosophy was Montessori-inspired—that is, it helped students to learn concepts through hands-on work with materials, rather than by traditional direct instruction—you might expect to see bead chains to support the teaching of mathematical concepts.
The following pages address these physical, social, and temporal components in more detail.
Listen as Ilene Schwartz discusses how the three components of the environment are intertwined to help children succeed (time: 2:47).
Ilene Schwartz, PhD
Professor, Special Education
Director, Haring Center for Research and Training in Inclusive Education
University of Washington
Transcript: Ilene Schwartz, PhD
The environment both sets children up for success and supports that success when it occurs. Children learn by doing, and so they need environments that have the appropriate kinds of materials available for them to demonstrate the wonderful skills that they have, and to learn the skills that they need to learn to be successful in future environments. Environments consist of the things in the environments, the people in the environment, and the tone of the environment. So we can have an environment that is supportive because children feel safe to explore and to try things that they’re not sure of because they know there’s going to be a supportive adult there to help them if they need the help.
The three discrete components of a well-designed early childhood environment—the temporal, social, and physical environments—really do not stand alone. They’re like ingredients in a well-designed recipe. You don’t want too much of one, but the absence of another could potentially ruin the whole recipe. You want to make sure that children have access to a well-designed and challenging physical environment. Things are in the environment that the child with the most challenges in your classroom can do independently, and your highest-achieving child is still challenged by something in the environment. But at the same time, that environment without the warm support of a teacher is limited. You want a social environment in which children have positive regard from their teacher and high-quality interactions with their peers. But that in isolation is also not enough. The same goes for a well-designed temporal environment. You want to make sure that children have the opportunity every day to play outside, to be active, and at the same time to have opportunities to practice skills such as writing and coloring and cutting that will help them be successful in future environments.
These three kinds of environments are intertwined in a way that you really can’t take apart. And you don’t want to take apart. They complement each other and they help children learn to explore and to achieve and to succeed. And that’s really all we can ask from any high-quality early learning environment.
Including Children with Disabilities
A well-designed, safe, and responsive environment is an essential first step in including young children with disabilities in early childhood settings such as inclusive preschool, Head Start, and childcare programs. If, however, the learning environment does not provide the support necessary to help children with disabilities to succeed, teachers must make changes to maximize their participation in planned activities, interactions, and routines. These intentional changes can be small and are often easy to implement, yet they can yield immediate improvement in the level of child participation and learning.
*In this module, the term “classroom” refers to any out-of-home setting in which group care is provided to infants, toddlers, or preschoolers.
